Python Module Index

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	_
	__future__	Future statement definitions
	__main__	The environment where top-level code is run. Covers command-line interfaces, import-time behavior, and ``__name__ == '__main__'``.
	_thread	Low-level threading API.
	a
	abc	Abstract base classes according to :pep:`3119`.
	aifc	Deprecated: Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format.
	argparse	Command-line option and argument parsing library.
	array	Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.
	ast	Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation.
	asyncio	Asynchronous I/O.
	atexit	Register and execute cleanup functions.
	audioop	Deprecated: Manipulate raw audio data.
	b
	base64	RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85
	bdb	Debugger framework.
	binascii	Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations.
	bisect	Array bisection algorithms for binary searching.
	builtins	The module that provides the built-in namespace.
	bz2	Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.
	c
	calendar	Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program.
	cgi	Deprecated: Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface.
	cgitb	Deprecated: Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts.
	chunk	Deprecated: Module to read IFF chunks.
	cmath	Mathematical functions for complex numbers.
	cmd	Build line-oriented command interpreters.
	code	Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops.
	codecs	Encode and decode data and streams.
	codeop	Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code.
	collections	Container datatypes
	collections.abc	Abstract base classes for containers
	colorsys	Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.
	compileall	Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree.
	concurrent
	concurrent.futures	Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes.
	configparser	Configuration file parser.
	contextlib	Utilities for with-statement contexts.
	contextvars	Context Variables
	copy	Shallow and deep copy operations.
	copyreg	Register pickle support functions.
	cProfile
	crypt (Unix)	Deprecated: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords.
	csv	Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.
	ctypes	A foreign function library for Python.
	curses (Unix)	An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.
	curses.ascii	Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.
	curses.panel	A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.
	curses.textpad	Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.
	d
	dataclasses	Generate special methods on user-defined classes.
	datetime	Basic date and time types.
	dbm	Interfaces to various Unix "database" formats.
	dbm.dumb	Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.
	dbm.gnu (Unix)	GNU's reinterpretation of dbm.
	dbm.ndbm (Unix)	The standard "database" interface, based on ndbm.
	decimal	Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.
	difflib	Helpers for computing differences between objects.
	dis	Disassembler for Python bytecode.
	doctest	Test pieces of code within docstrings.
	e
	email	Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.
	email.charset	Character Sets
	email.contentmanager	Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts
	email.encoders	Encoders for email message payloads.
	email.errors	The exception classes used by the email package.
	email.generator	Generate flat text email messages from a message structure.
	email.header	Representing non-ASCII headers
	email.headerregistry	Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name
	email.iterators	Iterate over a message object tree.
	email.message	The base class representing email messages.
	email.mime	Build MIME messages.
	email.parser	Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure.
	email.policy	Controlling the parsing and generating of messages
	email.utils	Miscellaneous email package utilities.
	encodings
	encodings.idna	Internationalized Domain Names implementation
	encodings.mbcs	Windows ANSI codepage
	encodings.utf_8_sig	UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
	ensurepip	Bootstrapping the "pip" installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment.
	enum	Implementation of an enumeration class.
	errno	Standard errno system symbols.
	f
	faulthandler	Dump the Python traceback.
	fcntl (Unix)	The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls.
	filecmp	Compare files efficiently.
	fileinput	Loop over standard input or a list of files.
	fnmatch	Unix shell style filename pattern matching.
	fractions	Rational numbers.
	ftplib	FTP protocol client (requires sockets).
	functools	Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.
	g
	gc	Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector.
	getopt	Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names.
	getpass	Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid.
	gettext	Multilingual internationalization services.
	glob	Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.
	graphlib	Functionality to operate with graph-like structures
	grp (Unix)	The group database (getgrnam() and friends).
	gzip	Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.
	h
	hashlib	Secure hash and message digest algorithms.
	heapq	Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue).
	hmac	Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation
	html	Helpers for manipulating HTML.
	html.entities	Definitions of HTML general entities.
	html.parser	A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML.
	http	HTTP status codes and messages
	http.client	HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).
	http.cookiejar	Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.
	http.cookies	Support for HTTP state management (cookies).
	http.server	HTTP server and request handlers.
	i
	idlelib	Implementation package for the IDLE shell/editor.
	imaplib	IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets).
	imghdr	Deprecated: Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream.
	imp	Deprecated: Access the implementation of the import statement.
	importlib	The implementation of the import machinery.
	importlib.abc	Abstract base classes related to import
	importlib.machinery	Importers and path hooks
	importlib.metadata	The implementation of the importlib metadata.
	importlib.resources	Package resource reading, opening, and access
	importlib.resources.abc	Abstract base classes for resources
	importlib.util	Utility code for importers
	inspect	Extract information and source code from live objects.
	io	Core tools for working with streams.
	ipaddress	IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.
	itertools	Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.
	j
	json	Encode and decode the JSON format.
	json.tool	A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON.
	k
	keyword	Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.
	l
	lib2to3	The 2to3 library
	linecache	Provides random access to individual lines from text files.
	locale	Internationalization services.
	logging	Flexible event logging system for applications.
	logging.config	Configuration of the logging module.
	logging.handlers	Handlers for the logging module.
	lzma	A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.
	m
	mailbox	Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
	mailcap	Deprecated: Mailcap file handling.
	marshal	Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints).
	math	Mathematical functions (sin() etc.).
	mimetypes	Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types.
	mmap	Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows.
	modulefinder	Find modules used by a script.
	msilib (Windows)	Deprecated: Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files.
	msvcrt (Windows)	Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime.
	multiprocessing	Process-based parallelism.
	multiprocessing.connection	API for dealing with sockets.
	multiprocessing.dummy	Dumb wrapper around threading.
	multiprocessing.managers	Share data between process with shared objects.
	multiprocessing.pool	Create pools of processes.
	multiprocessing.shared_memory	Provides shared memory for direct access across processes.
	multiprocessing.sharedctypes	Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.
	n
	netrc	Loading of .netrc files.
	nis (Unix)	Deprecated: Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library.
	nntplib	Deprecated: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets).
	numbers	Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).
	o
	operator	Functions corresponding to the standard operators.
	optparse	Deprecated: Command-line option parsing library.
	os	Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.
	os.path	Operations on pathnames.
	ossaudiodev (Linux, FreeBSD)	Deprecated: Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.
	p
	pathlib	Object-oriented filesystem paths
	pdb	The Python debugger for interactive interpreters.
	pickle	Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back.
	pickletools	Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions.
	pipes (Unix)	Deprecated: A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines.
	pkgutil	Utilities for the import system.
	platform	Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible.
	plistlib	Generate and parse Apple plist files.
	poplib	POP3 protocol client (requires sockets).
	posix (Unix)	The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os).
	pprint	Data pretty printer.
	profile	Python source profiler.
	pstats	Statistics object for use with the profiler.
	pty (Unix)	Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix.
	pwd (Unix)	The password database (getpwnam() and friends).
	py_compile	Generate byte-code files from Python source files.
	pyclbr	Supports information extraction for a Python module browser.
	pydoc	Documentation generator and online help system.
	q
	queue	A synchronized queue class.
	quopri	Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.
	r
	random	Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions.
	re	Regular expression operations.
	readline (Unix)	GNU readline support for Python.
	reprlib	Alternate repr() implementation with size limits.
	resource (Unix)	An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process.
	rlcompleter	Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library.
	runpy	Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.
	s
	sched	General purpose event scheduler.
	secrets	Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets.
	select	Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.
	selectors	High-level I/O multiplexing.
	shelve	Python object persistence.
	shlex	Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages.
	shutil	High-level file operations, including copying.
	signal	Set handlers for asynchronous events.
	site	Module responsible for site-specific configuration.
	smtplib	SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).
	sndhdr	Deprecated: Determine type of a sound file.
	socket	Low-level networking interface.
	socketserver	A framework for network servers.
	spwd (Unix)	Deprecated: The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends).
	sqlite3	A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x.
	ssl	TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
	stat	Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat().
	statistics	Mathematical statistics functions
	string	Common string operations.
	stringprep	String preparation, as per RFC 3453
	struct	Interpret bytes as packed binary data.
	subprocess	Subprocess management.
	sunau	Deprecated: Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format.
	symtable	Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables.
	sys	Access system-specific parameters and functions.
	sysconfig	Python's configuration information
	syslog (Unix)	An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.
	t
	tabnanny	Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree.
	tarfile	Read and write tar-format archive files.
	telnetlib	Deprecated: Telnet client class.
	tempfile	Generate temporary files and directories.
	termios (Unix)	POSIX style tty control.
	test	Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.
	test.support	Support for Python's regression test suite.
	test.support.bytecode_helper	Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation.
	test.support.import_helper	Support for import tests.
	test.support.os_helper	Support for os tests.
	test.support.script_helper	Support for Python's script execution tests.
	test.support.socket_helper	Support for socket tests.
	test.support.threading_helper	Support for threading tests.
	test.support.warnings_helper	Support for warnings tests.
	textwrap	Text wrapping and filling
	threading	Thread-based parallelism.
	time	Time access and conversions.
	timeit	Measure the execution time of small code snippets.
	tkinter	Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces
	tkinter.colorchooser (Tk)	Color choosing dialog
	tkinter.commondialog (Tk)	Tkinter base class for dialogs
	tkinter.dnd (Tk)	Tkinter drag-and-drop interface
	tkinter.filedialog (Tk)	Dialog classes for file selection
	tkinter.font (Tk)	Tkinter font-wrapping class
	tkinter.messagebox (Tk)	Various types of alert dialogs
	tkinter.scrolledtext (Tk)	Text widget with a vertical scroll bar.
	tkinter.simpledialog (Tk)	Simple dialog windows
	tkinter.tix	Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter
	tkinter.ttk	Tk themed widget set
	token	Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree.
	tokenize	Lexical scanner for Python source code.
	tomllib	Parse TOML files.
	trace	Trace or track Python statement execution.
	traceback	Print or retrieve a stack traceback.
	tracemalloc	Trace memory allocations.
	tty (Unix)	Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations.
	turtle	An educational framework for simple graphics applications
	turtledemo	A viewer for example turtle scripts
	types	Names for built-in types.
	typing	Support for type hints (see :pep:`484`).
	u
	unicodedata	Access the Unicode Database.
	unittest	Unit testing framework for Python.
	unittest.mock	Mock object library.
	urllib
	urllib.error	Exception classes raised by urllib.request.
	urllib.parse	Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
	urllib.request	Extensible library for opening URLs.
	urllib.response	Response classes used by urllib.
	urllib.robotparser	Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs.
	uu	Deprecated: Encode and decode files in uuencode format.
	uuid	UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122
	v
	venv	Creation of virtual environments.
	w
	warnings	Issue warning messages and control their disposition.
	wave	Provide an interface to the WAV sound format.
	weakref	Support for weak references and weak dictionaries.
	webbrowser	Easy-to-use controller for web browsers.
	winreg (Windows)	Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry.
	winsound (Windows)	Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows.
	wsgiref	WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.
	wsgiref.handlers	WSGI server/gateway base classes.
	wsgiref.headers	WSGI response header tools.
	wsgiref.simple_server	A simple WSGI HTTP server.
	wsgiref.types	WSGI types for static type checking
	wsgiref.util	WSGI environment utilities.
	wsgiref.validate	WSGI conformance checker.
	x
	xdrlib	Deprecated: Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR).
	xml	Package containing XML processing modules
	xml.dom	Document Object Model API for Python.
	xml.dom.minidom	Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation.
	xml.dom.pulldom	Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events.
	xml.etree.ElementTree	Implementation of the ElementTree API.
	xml.parsers.expat	An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser.
	xml.parsers.expat.errors
	xml.parsers.expat.model
	xml.sax	Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions.
	xml.sax.handler	Base classes for SAX event handlers.
	xml.sax.saxutils	Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX.
	xml.sax.xmlreader	Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement.
	xmlrpc
	xmlrpc.client	XML-RPC client access.
	xmlrpc.server	Basic XML-RPC server implementations.
	z
	zipapp	Manage executable Python zip archives
	zipfile	Read and write ZIP-format archive files.
	zipimport	Support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives.
	zlib	Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.
	zoneinfo	IANA time zone support